- 家庭与性别评论(第10辑)
- 张丽萍
- 2415字
- 2021-05-11 15:04:10
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[原载《西安交通大学学报》(社会科学版)2010年第6期,作者对原文内容进行了修订]
[1]在本文中“中国传统家庭”这一术语主要指晚清至民国期间的家庭生活模式。
[2]西方发达国家比较完整的公共福利制度是近代才开始出现的,即使在古代,西方的公共福利制度,主要是由宗教组织主持的福利制度,似乎也比中国发展得更早。即使在工业化之前,西方家庭中老年父母对子女的依赖也相对较弱,这也从另一方面凸显了在西方公共养老福利的重要性。简言之,以英国为代表的欧洲的家庭体系远在工业化之前就已经出现了现代家庭的一些特点,如核心家庭结构、婚姻自主、较弱的亲子联系,等等(Laslett,1972;Macfarlane,1986;Shorter,1975)。
[3]宗族制度在传统中国家庭体系,尤其是中国南方的家庭生活中,曾经有着非常重要的影响。但宗族组织在中国现代家庭生活中基本不复存在,因而在本文中不做讨论。
[4]一个家庭户中户主的效用函数可以定义为
Uh=U(Zh,Zi,…,Zp)
其中Uh 是户主的效益,Zi 是 第 i 受益者的消费或效益,i = 1, 2,…, p。户主h的利他主义在这里定义为Uh/Zi>0, 即,户主的效益随受益者的效益的提高而提高。户主的收入为Ih=∑pi=1yi+Zh,其中yi是户主给予受益者i的贡献。经代数变换后,家庭总收入Sh为Sh=Zh+∑pi=1Zi=Ih+∑pi=1Ii因为户主h的效用函数定义为与家中其他人的效用正相关,最大化家庭总体效用函数与最大化户主h本人的效用函数是同效的。令户主的效用函数相对于自己和他人的一阶偏导数等于0,总体效用最大化的条件为U/Zi=U/Zj 其中i,j=h,1,2,…p(Becker,1991:287)得出的条件说明,当增加任何家庭成员(包括户主)的消费对总体效用的增长率相同时,家庭总体效用达到最大值。当我们假定户主会通过再分配的办法保证这种平衡,我们就得出“坏孩子定理”。
[5]大量的社会调查已经表明,在当代中国女儿已经成为保证父母老有所养的一个重要来源。即使在传统中国社会,也有许多研究表明已婚的女儿继续与娘家保持亲密的联系(Lin, 1947; Baker,1979)。